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Lab Manual 2024-2025 (3).doc
Document
give answers of all the viva question in this lab manual
ChatGPT said:
The file "Lab Manual 2024-2025 (3).doc" includes a list of viva questions at the end of each experiment. Below are the answers to all viva questions grouped by each experiment:
EXPERIMENT NO. 1: Basic Linux Commands
1. What is the shell?
A shell is a command-line interpreter that provides a user interface for accessing operating system services.
2. What is the command to list all files?
ls -a
3. How to check the current working directory?
pwd (Print Working Directory)
4. What is the use of man command?
The man command shows the manual or help file for other commands.
5. How to create a new directory in Linux?
mkdir <directory_name>
EXPERIMENT NO. 2: Shell Script for Arithmetic Operations
1. What is a shell script?
A shell script is a text file containing a sequence of commands for a Unix-based shell to execute.
2. How to read input from the user in a shell script?
Using the read command. Example: read num
3. Which symbol is used for arithmetic operations in shell script?
Double parentheses (( )) or $(( expression ))
4. How do you add two numbers in shell?
sum=$((a + b))
5. How to make a shell script executable?
Use chmod +x filename.sh
EXPERIMENT NO. 3: User Management in Linux
1. What is the command to add a user?
sudo adduser username
2. How to delete a user?
sudo deluser username
3. What is the purpose of the /etc/passwd file?
It stores user account information.
4. What command is used to switch user?
su username or sudo su
5. How can you change a user's password?
passwd username
EXPERIMENT NO. 4: File Permission and Ownership
1. What are the types of file permissions in Linux?
Read (r), Write (w), Execute (x)
2. How to change file permissions?
Using chmod command.
3. What does chmod 755 file do?
Gives full permission to owner, and read-execute to group and others.
4. How to check file permissions?
ls -l
5. What is the chown command used for?
To change the owner of a file or directory.
EXPERIMENT NO. 5: Networking Commands in Linux
1. How to check current IP address?
ip addr or ifconfig
2. What does the ping command do?
Checks network connectivity between two systems.
3. What is the use of netstat?
It shows network statistics and connections.
4. What is the purpose of traceroute?
To display the path packets take to reach a network host.
5. How to check open ports?
netstat -tuln or ss -tuln
EXPERIMENT NO. 6: Introduction to Python Programming
1. What is Python?
Python is a high-level, interpreted, and general-purpose programming language.
2. How to print in Python?
Using the print() function.
3. What is the use of indentation in Python?
Indentation defines blocks of code; it's essential in Python syntax.
4. How to take user input in Python?
Using input() function.
5. What is the difference between = and ==?
= is an assignment operator; == is a comparison operator.
EXPERIMENT NO. 7: Control Structures in Python
1. What are the control structures in Python?
if, if-else, if-elif-else, while, for
2. How to write a conditional statement in Python?
if a > b:
print("a is greater")
3. What is the syntax of a for loop in Python?
for i in range(5):
print(i)
4. How to write a while loop in Python?
while condition:
# statements
5. What is break and continue?
break exits the loop, continue skips current iteration.
EXPERIMENT NO. 8: Functions in Python
1. How to define a function in Python?
Using def keyword:
def function_name():
pass
2. What is a return statement?
Used to return a value from a function.
3. What is the difference between a parameter and an argument?
Parameter is used in function definition; argument is passed during function call.
4. Can a function return multiple values?
You said:
from file i have uploaded
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You said:
1. What is HTML?
2. Difference between HTML and HTML5?
3. What is the structure of HTML?
4. What is <nav> tag
ChatGPT said:
Here are the answers to the viva questions for Experiment No. 1 (HTML5):
1. What is HTML?
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the standard markup language used to create web pages. It structures the content using elements (tags) such as headings, paragraphs, links, images, and lists.
2. Difference between HTML and HTML5?
Feature HTML HTML5
Version Older versions (e.g., HTML4) Latest version
Media Support Requires plugins for audio/video <audio> and <video> tags are supported
Doctype Long and complex Simple: <!DOCTYPE html>
Graphics No built-in support Supports <canvas> and SVG
Storage Limited Web storage (localStorage, sessionStorage)
Semantic Tags Fewer semantic elements Includes tags like <header>, <footer>, <nav>
3. What is the structure of HTML?
A basic HTML structure includes:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
<!DOCTYPE html>: Declares the HTML5 document.
<html>: Root element.
<head>: Contains meta-information like title and links.
<body>: Contains the content visible on the web page.
4. What is <nav> tag?
The <nav> tag defines a section of navigation links in an HTML document. It helps screen readers and search engines understand the site's structure.
Example:
<nav>
<a href="index.html">Home</a>
<a href="about.html">About</a>
</nav>
It improves accessibility and defines semantic navigation blocks.
Let me know if you’d like answers for other experiments too!
You said:
1. What is CSS3, and how is it different from CSS2?
2. What are the advantages of using CSS3 in web development?
3. How do you link an external CSS file to an HTML document?
4. What is the difference between inline, internal, and external CSS?
5. What is the box-model in CSS?
ChatGPT said:
Here are the answers to the viva questions for Experiment No. 2 (CSS3 - Typography, Background, Transitions):
1. What is CSS3, and how is it different from CSS2?
CSS3 is the latest version of the Cascading Style Sheets language used for designing the layout and appearance of web pages.
Differences:
Feature CSS2 CSS3
Modules Monolithic (one large spec) Divided into modules (e.g., Flexbox, Animations)
Selectors Limited Advanced (e.g., :nth-child, ::before)
Animations Not supported Supported using @keyframes, transition
Rounded Corners Not supported Supported with border-radius
Media Queries Not available Supported in CSS3 for responsive design
2. What are the advantages of using CSS3 in web development?
Adds advanced styling features like shadows, gradients, and transitions.
Enables responsive design using media queries.
Reduces the need for JavaScript or images for UI effects.
Allows faster loading with fewer HTTP requests.
Improves user experience with smooth animations and transformations.
3. How do you link an external CSS file to an HTML document?
You can link an external CSS file using the <link> tag inside the <head> section:
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
</head>
4. What is the difference between inline, internal, and external CSS?
Type Location Usage
Inline In the style attribute of an element <h1 style="color:red;">Hello</h1>
Internal Inside <style> tag in <head> Used for single-page styling
External Linked via .css file Used for large/multiple web pages
5. What is the box-model in CSS?
The CSS box model describes how elements are structured and spaced on a webpage. It consists of:
+-------------------------+
| Margin (outer) |
| +---------------------+ |
| | Border | |
| | +-----------------+ | |
| | | Padding | | |
| | | +-------------+ | | |
| | | | Content | | | |
| | | +-------------+ | | |
| | +-----------------+ | |
| +---------------------+ |
+-------------------------+
Content: Actual text or image.
Padding: Space between content and border.
Border: Surrounds padding and content.
Margin: Space outside the border.
Let me know if you'd like the next experiment's viva answers!
You said:
1. What are JavaScript operators?
2. What is the use of the modulus operator % in JavaScript?
3. What are logical operators in JavaScript?
4. What are the advantages of using functions in JavaScript?
5. What is an arrow function? How is it different from a regular function?
6. What is an object in JavaScript?
7. How do you create an object in JavaScript?
8. What is the difference between an object and an array in JavaScript?
9. How can you add a new property to an existing object?
ChatGPT said:
Here are the answers to the viva questions for Experiment No. 3 (JavaScript: Operators, Functions, and Objects):
1. What are JavaScript operators?
JavaScript operators are symbols used to perform operations on variables and values.
Types include:
Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %, ++, --
Comparison: ==, ===, !=, >, <, >=, <=
Logical: &&, ||, !
Assignment: =, +=, -=, etc.
Bitwise, Ternary, and Type operators also exist.
2. What is the use of the modulus operator % in JavaScript?
The % operator returns the remainder of a division operation.
Example:
5 % 2 // Output: 1
3. What are logical operators in JavaScript?
Logical operators are used to perform boolean logic:
&& (AND) – returns true if both conditions are true.
|| (OR) – returns true if at least one condition is true.
! (NOT) – reverses the condition (true becomes false, and vice versa).
4. What are the advantages of using functions in JavaScript?
Code reusability: Write once, use many times.
Modularity: Makes code easier to understand and manage.
Debugging: Easier to isolate and fix errors.
Reduces repetition: Avoids writing duplicate code blocks.
5. What is an arrow function? How is it different from a regular function?
An arrow function is a shorter syntax for writing functions in ES6.
Syntax:
const add = (a, b) => a + b;
Differences from regular function:
Does not have its own this.
Cannot be used as a constructor.
Cannot use arguments object directly.
6. What is an object in JavaScript?
An object is a collection of key-value pairs used to store structured data.
Example:
let person = {
name: "John",
age: 25
};
7. How do you create an object in JavaScript?
You can create an object in two main ways:
Object literal:
let car = { brand: "Toyota", year: 2020 };
Using new Object():
let car = new Object();
car.brand = "Toyota";
car.year = 2020;
8. What is the difference between an object and an array in JavaScript?
Feature Object Array
Use Stores key-value pairs Stores ordered list of items
Keys Custom keys (e.g., name) Indexed by numbers (0,1,2,…)
Syntax { key: value } [value1, value2, value3]
9. How can you add a new property to an existing object?
You can use dot notation or bracket notation:
let person = { name: "Alice" };
person.age = 30; // dot notation
person["city"] = "Mumbai"; // bracket notation
Let me know when you want the next set of viva answers!
You said:
1. What is the difference between let and const in ES6?
2. How does the arrow function differ from regular functions?
ChatGPT said:
Here are the answers to the viva questions for Experiment No. 4 (JavaScript – ES6 Features):
1. What is the difference between let and const in ES6?
Feature let const
Reassignment Allowed Not allowed (value is constant)
Scope Block scoped Block scoped
Hoisting Hoisted but not initialized Hoisted but not initialized
Use case For variables that may change For fixed values or references
Example:
let a = 10;
a = 20; // OK
const b = 30;
b = 40; // ❌ Error: Assignment to constant variable
2. How does the arrow function differ from regular functions?
Feature Regular Function Arrow Function
Syntax Longer Shorter and more concise
this binding Has its own this Inherits this from the parent scope
Use as constructor Can be used as a constructor ❌ Cannot be used as constructor
arguments object Available ❌ Not available in arrow functions
Example:
// Regular function
function sum(a, b) {
return a + b;
}
// Arrow function
const sum = (a, b) => a + b;
Arrow functions are ideal for callbacks and simple one-liners, especially when you want to retain the context of this.
Let me know when you’re ready for the next set of viva answers!
You said:
1. What are variables in PHP, and how do you declare them?
2. What is an expression in PHP?
3. What is the difference between == and === in PHP?
4. How does PHP handle type conversion in expressions?
5. Can PHP variables be declared without specifying a data type?
6. What are the different types of arrays in PHP?
7. How do associative arrays differ from indexed arrays?
8. How can you count the number of elements in an array?
9. How do you loop through an associative array in PHP?
10. How can you merge two arrays in PHP?
11. What is the difference between if and switch statements?
12. How does a while loop differ from a for loop?
13. When should you use a foreach loop?
14. What happens if a break statement is omitted in a switch statement?
15. How do you exit a loop in PHP?
ChatGPT said:
Here are the answers to the viva questions for Experiment No. 5 (PHP – Variables, Expressions, Arrays, Control Structures):
1. What are variables in PHP, and how do you declare them?
Variables in PHP are used to store data like strings, numbers, arrays, etc.
They start with a dollar sign $ followed by the variable name.
Example:
$name = "John";
$age = 25;
2. What is an expression in PHP?
An expression is a combination of variables, operators, and values that evaluates to a result.
Example:
$sum = 10 + 20;
3. What is the difference between == and === in PHP?
Operator Description
== Compares values (type conversion allowed)
=== Compares values and data types (strict)
Example:
10 == "10" // true
10 === "10" // false
4. How does PHP handle type conversion in expressions?
PHP automatically converts data types during operations. This is called type juggling.
Example:
$result = "10" + 5; // PHP converts "10" to 10, result is 15
5. Can PHP variables be declared without specifying a data type?
Yes. PHP is loosely typed, so you don’t need to declare a variable’s type explicitly.
6. What are the different types of arrays in PHP?
Indexed Arrays – Numeric keys
Associative Arrays – Named keys
Multidimensional Arrays – Arrays within arrays
7. How do associative arrays differ from indexed arrays?
Feature Indexed Array Associative Array
Keys Numeric (0,1,2...) Named keys ("name", "age")
Syntax $arr[0] $arr["name"]
8. How can you count the number of elements in an array?
Use the count() function.
Example:
$count = count($array);
9. How do you loop through an associative array in PHP?
Use foreach loop:
$person = ["name" => "Alice", "age" => 30];
foreach ($person as $key => $value) {
echo "$key: $value";
}
10. How can you merge two arrays in PHP?
Use array_merge() function.
$arr1 = [1, 2];
$arr2 = [3, 4];
$result = array_merge($arr1, $arr2);
11. What is the difference between if and switch statements?
Feature if switch
Use Case Multiple conditions, any type Only equality checks
Flexibility More flexible Limited to matching one value
12. How does a while loop differ from a for loop?
Loop Type Use Case
while When number of iterations is unknown
for When number of iterations is known in advance
13. When should you use a foreach loop?
Use foreach to iterate over arrays, especially associative arrays, as it simplifies access to keys and values.
14. What happens if a break statement is omitted in a switch statement?
Without break, execution continues to the next case, causing fall-through behavior.
15. How do you exit a loop in PHP?
Use the break statement.
Example:
while (true) {
break; // exits the loop
}
Let me know when you want answers for the next experiment!
You said:
1. What is the difference between GET and POST methods in form submission?
2. Why is form validation necessary in web applications?
3. How does PHP handle form data submitted via POST?
4. What is the purpose of $_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] in PHP?
ChatGPT said:
Here are the answers to the viva questions for Experiment No. 6 (PHP Form Validation using Regular Expressions):
1. What is the difference between GET and POST methods in form submission?
Feature GET POST
Data Visibility Data is visible in the URL Data is hidden from the URL
Data Limit Limited to 2048 characters (approx.) No size limit (depends on server)
Use Case Used for fetching data (e.g., search) Used for submitting data (e.g., login form)
Security Less secure More secure for sensitive data
Bookmarking Can be bookmarked Cannot be bookmarked
2. Why is form validation necessary in web applications?
Form validation is essential to:
Ensure correct input format (e.g., valid email or phone number).
Prevent security risks like SQL injection or XSS.
Avoid submitting incomplete or incorrect data.
Enhance user experience by showing helpful error messages.
3. How does PHP handle form data submitted via POST?
PHP uses the $_POST superglobal array to access data submitted from a form using the POST method.
Example:
$name = $_POST['name'];
$email = $_POST['email'];
4. What is the purpose of $_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] in PHP?
$_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] checks whether the request is a GET or POST.
Use Case:
if ($_SERVER["REQUEST_METHOD"] == "POST") {
// process form data
}
It helps in ensuring that form logic only runs when the form is actually submitted.
Let me know when you're ready for the next set of viva answers!
You said:
1. What is CRUD in database operations?
2. How does PHP connect to a MySQL database?
3. What is the difference between MySQLi and PDO in PHP?
4. How do you insert data into a MySQL table using PHP?
5. How do you retrieve data from a MySQL database using PHP?
6. What is SQL injection and how can it be prevented?
7. Explain the role of prepared statements in MySQL.
8. How does PHP handle errors in database transactions?
9. What is the importance of using mysqli_close($conn);?
10. How can you enhance security in a PHP-MySQL application?
ChatGPT said:
Here are the answers to the viva questions for Experiment No. 7 (PHP – CRUD Operations on MySQL Database):
1. What is CRUD in database operations?
CRUD stands for:
C – Create (Insert new records)
R – Read (Fetch data)
U – Update (Modify existing records)
D – Delete (Remove records)
These are the four basic operations performed on a database.
2. How does PHP connect to a MySQL database?
Using MySQLi or PDO.
Example using MySQLi:
$conn = new mysqli("localhost", "username", "password", "database");
3. What is the difference between MySQLi and PDO in PHP?
Feature MySQLi PDO
DB Support Only MySQL Supports multiple DBs (MySQL, SQLite, etc.)
API Style Procedural & OOP Object-Oriented only
Prepared Stmt Supported Supported
Portability Less portable More portable
4. How do you insert data into a MySQL table using PHP?
Example:
$sql = "INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES ('$name', '$email')";
$conn->query($sql);
✅ Use prepared statements to avoid SQL injection.
5. How do you retrieve data from a MySQL database using PHP?
Example:
$sql = "SELECT * FROM users";
$result = $conn->query($sql);
while($row = $result->fetch_assoc()) {
echo $row['name'];
}
6. What is SQL injection and how can it be prevented?
SQL injection is a security attack where malicious input alters SQL queries.
Prevention:
Use prepared statements
Validate and sanitize user input
7. Explain the role of prepared statements in MySQL.
Prepared statements separate SQL logic from user input, making it impossible for malicious input to modify the structure of the query.
Example:
$stmt = $conn->prepare("INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES (?, ?)");
$stmt->bind_param("ss", $name, $email);
$stmt->execute();
8. How does PHP handle errors in database transactions?
PHP handles errors through:
Checking $conn->connect_error
Using try...catch with PDO
Checking SQL execution with if (!$conn->query($sql)) { ... }
9. What is the importance of using mysqli_close($conn);?
It closes the database connection, freeing up server resources and improving performance.
10. How can you enhance security in a PHP-MySQL application?
Use prepared statements
Validate and sanitize all user inputs
Limit database permissions
Hash passwords before storing
Avoid displaying raw SQL or error messages to users
Let me know when you're ready for the next viva answers!
You said:
1. How is a dynamic list managed in React?
2. How does React handle deleting an item from a list?
3. What is conditional rendering in React?
4. What are the advantages of controlled components?
5. What is conditional rendering in React?
6. How does React ensure the UI stays in sync with the state?
7. What is the use of the key prop while rendering lists?
8. How would you persist task data across page reloads?
9. What is the importance of immutability when updating state?
10. What happens if we modify the state directly instead of using setState?
11. How can you improve this application further?
ChatGPT said:
Here are the answers to the viva questions for Experiment No. 9 (React – Task Manager App with Add/Delete/Complete features):
1. How is a dynamic list managed in React?
A dynamic list is managed using state (via useState). When new items are added or deleted, the state is updated, and the component re-renders the list accordingly.
2. How does React handle deleting an item from a list?
React uses array methods like .filter() to remove the item from the list and updates the state with the new array.
Example:
setTasks(tasks.filter((_, index) => index !== deleteIndex));
3. What is conditional rendering in React?
Conditional rendering is displaying different UI elements based on conditions using if, ternary (? :), or && operators.
Example:
{isLoggedIn ? <Logout /> : <Login />}
4. What are the advantages of controlled components?
Single source of truth via state
Easier to validate and format input
Better control of form behavior
Enables real-time feedback (like input length, formatting, etc.)
5. What is conditional rendering in React?
(Same as Q3 – repeated question)
6. How does React ensure the UI stays in sync with the state?
React automatically re-renders the component whenever state changes, ensuring the UI always reflects the latest data.
7. What is the use of the key prop while rendering lists?
The key prop helps React identify which items have changed, been added, or removed, improving performance and avoiding rendering bugs.
8. How would you persist task data across page reloads?
By using localStorage or a backend database.
Example using localStorage:
localStorage.setItem("tasks", JSON.stringify(tasks));
9. What is the importance of immutability when updating state?
Immutability helps React detect changes efficiently. If you modify state directly, React may not re-render the component.
10. What happens if we modify the state directly instead of using setState?
React will not detect the change, so the component will not re-render, leading to bugs.
11. How can you improve this application further?
Add task due dates or priority levels
Use localStorage or backend APIs
Add filters (e.g., show completed, pending)
Improve UI with CSS frameworks
Add authentication for personal task lists
Let me know if you'd like the next set of viva answers!
You said:
1. How does React handle state management?
2. What is a controlled component in React?
3. Explain the use of the useState hook.
4. How does React handle user input events?
5. What is the importance of event-driven programming?
6. How do you conditionally render content in React?
7. What is the difference between stateful and stateless components?
8. How can you fetch and display data dynamically in React?
9. Explain the role of onChange and onClick in React.
10. How do React components communicate with each other?
ChatGPT said:
Here are the answers to the viva questions for Experiment No. 10 (React – User Input and Display Application):
1. How does React handle state management?
React manages state using hooks like useState (in functional components) or state objects in class components. When state changes, React re-renders the component to update the UI.
2. What is a controlled component in React?
A controlled component is a form input element whose value is controlled by React state. The component's value is set via state and updated through event handlers, keeping React as the single source of truth.
3. Explain the use of the useState hook.
useState is a React hook that allows you to add state to functional components. It returns a state variable and a function to update that variable.
Example:
const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
4. How does React handle user input events?
React uses synthetic events to handle user inputs. Event handlers like onChange and onClick are attached to elements to respond to user actions and update the state accordingly.
5. What is the importance of event-driven programming?
Event-driven programming allows applications to respond dynamically to user actions, making the UI interactive and responsive.
6. How do you conditionally render content in React?
You can use JavaScript conditions like ternary operators, if statements, or logical operators (&&) inside JSX to render components or elements conditionally.
7. What is the difference between stateful and stateless components?
Stateful components manage their own state (usually class components or functional components with hooks).
Stateless components just receive props and render UI without managing state.
8. How can you fetch and display data dynamically in React?
Using lifecycle methods (like useEffect hook) or event handlers to fetch data from APIs and updating state to display that data in the UI.
9. Explain the role of onChange and onClick in React.
onChange: Triggered when the value of an input changes; commonly used to update state in controlled components.
onClick: Triggered when a user clicks on an element like a button.
10. How do React components communicate with each other?
Parent to child: Through props.
Child to parent: By passing callback functions as props.
Between siblings: Via shared parent component state or using state management libraries (e.g., Redux).
Let me know if you want the next set of viva answers!
You said:
1. What is Node.js, and how does it work?
2. What is Express.js, and why is it used?
3. How do you install Express in a Node.js project?
4. What is the purpose of middleware in Express?
5. What is the difference between GET and POST requests?
6. How do you parse JSON request bodies in Express?
7. What is the purpose of app.listen() in an Express application?
8. How do you handle errors in Express?
9. What is the significance of RESTful APIs?
10. How can you connect a Node.js Express server to a database?
ChatGPT said:
Here are the answers to the viva questions for Experiment No. 11 (Node.js Server Setup with Express):
1. What is Node.js, and how does it work?
Node.js is a runtime environment that allows JavaScript to run outside the browser, primarily on servers. It uses an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model to handle concurrent operations efficiently.
2. What is Express.js, and why is it used?
Express.js is a minimalist web framework for Node.js. It simplifies the process of building web servers and APIs by providing routing, middleware support, and HTTP utilities.
3. How do you install Express in a Node.js project?
Use npm (Node Package Manager):
npm install express
4. What is the purpose of middleware in Express?
Middleware functions are used to process requests and responses, such as parsing JSON, logging, authentication, or error handling. They run before the route handlers.
5. What is the difference between GET and POST requests?
GET retrieves data and sends it via URL query parameters.
POST submits data in the request body, often used for creating or updating data.
6. How do you parse JSON request bodies in Express?
Use the built-in middleware:
app.use(express.json());
This parses incoming JSON requests and populates req.body.
7. What is the purpose of app.listen() in an Express application?
app.listen(port) starts the server on the specified port and listens for incoming requests.
8. How do you handle errors in Express?
By defining error-handling middleware, which has four arguments (err, req, res, next), to catch and process errors centrally.
9. What is the significance of RESTful APIs?
RESTful APIs provide a standard way for clients and servers to communicate using HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) and stateless interactions, making APIs scalable and easy to maintain.
10. How can you connect a Node.js Express server to a database?
By using database drivers or ORMs, such as:
mysql or mysql2 packages for MySQL
mongoose for MongoDB
You establish a connection in your server code and perform queries.
Let me know if you want the last set of viva questions answered!
You said:
1. What is Express.js, and why is it used?
2. How does Express handle API routing?
3. What is Axios, and why do we use it in this project?
4. How do we handle query parameters in Express.js?
5. What HTTP methods are used for fetching data?
6. What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous requests?
7. How does the try...catch block help in error handling?
8. Why do we need an API key for OpenWeatherMap?
9. How can this project be extended with more features?
10. How would you deploy this API to a live server?
ChatGPT said:
Here are the answers to the viva questions for Experiment No. 12 (Express Route for Weather Application):
1. What is Express.js, and why is it used?
Express.js is a minimal and flexible Node.js web application framework that provides a robust set of features for building web and API servers. It simplifies routing, middleware handling, and HTTP utilities.
2. How does Express handle API routing?
Express uses route handlers like app.get(), app.post(), etc., to define endpoints that respond to HTTP requests on specific paths.
3. What is Axios, and why do we use it in this project?
Axios is a promise-based HTTP client used to make HTTP requests from Node.js or the browser. It simplifies sending asynchronous requests to external APIs like OpenWeatherMap.
4. How do we handle query parameters in Express.js?
Query parameters are accessed using req.query.
Example:
app.get('/weather', (req, res) => {
const city = req.query.city;
});
5. What HTTP methods are used for fetching data?
The GET method is primarily used to fetch data from a server.
6. What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous requests?
Synchronous: Blocks the execution until the request completes.
Asynchronous: Allows other operations to continue while waiting for the request to finish (non-blocking).
7. How does the try...catch block help in error handling?
It catches runtime errors in asynchronous or synchronous code to prevent the server from crashing and allows sending meaningful error responses.
8. Why do we need an API key for OpenWeatherMap?
The API key authenticates the user, controls usage limits, and allows the service to monitor and manage access.
9. How can this project be extended with more features?
Add support for hourly and weekly forecasts.
Implement location-based weather (latitude/longitude).
Add user authentication.
Cache responses to reduce API calls.
Integrate with front-end frameworks for a full app.
10. How would you deploy this API to a live server?
Deploy using cloud services like Heroku, AWS, Vercel, or DigitalOcean by pushing the code, setting environment variables (e.g., API key), and starting the server.
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